McHarg's Method. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. In this book, he set forth the basic concepts that were to develop later in geographic information systems. do what is proposed for this portion of land? on the 9.5 mile-long parkway began in 1966 from the southwest tip of the island His hope was that GIS would become a framework for modeling earth's systems so they could be managed more sustainably. One of the earliest and most eloquent descriptions of the process was written by Ian McHarg, a landscape architect and planner, in his influential book Design With Nature. This community was developed from timberland located thirty miles north of Houston, by George P. Mitchell, who hired McHarg to consult on the project and, as a result, the original plans featured many of his unique designs. He promoted an ecological view, in which the designer becomes very familiar with the area through analysis of soil, climate, hydrology, etc. McHarg's focus, however, was only partially on the visual and sensual qualities which had dominated the English picturesque movement. The clearest illustration of this is McHarg's statement that 'any man, assembling the same evidence, would come to the same conclusion'. The limits to environmental fitness as an urbanistic concept can be parsed by looking at the technique of map overlay method. A fellow called Ian McHarg deserves the most credit for the development of this technique. was the issue facing the planners of the Richmond Parkway of Staten << /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding 33 0 R /Name /Helv /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> Data layers must be referenced to the same coordinate system (e.g., the same UTM and SPC zones), the same map projection (if any), and the same datum (horizontal and vertical, based upon the same reference ellipsoid). Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vit, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library, et, consectetur adipiscing elit. In fact, its history and essence are closely tied to our industry. transparencies into a single stack the optimal location for routing the parkway Q@ Jack Dangermond studied under Ian McHarg and Carl Steinitz, the combination of which took the manual overlay method of designing with nature from paper to the digital world using computers in 1969. promotion of the map-overlay method as a scientific process, and the combination of Lawrence Henderson and Charles Darwin's work for his theory of creative fitting. [10], McHarg also received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1992.[13]. Fifty years has passed since the publication of Ian McHarg's Design with Nature. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. 0000044375 00000 n Pattern cognition begins with a realization that there Nam lacinia pulvinaripiscing elit. He was also instrumental in the founding of Earth Week, and participated on task forces on environmental issues for the Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Carter administrations[14]. 1- Pioneer Period (cont.) Ian McHarg's legacy to the landscape architecture profession was threefold: He wrote a brilliant book, on Design with nature (1969) He made an important contribution to the development of Geographical Information Systems and one of his students, Jack Dangermond, developed the industry-leading GIS software, ArcGIS Moses introduced his master transportation plan for the New York City parkway Ian McHarg (1920-2001) achieved numerous accomplishments in the field of landscape architecture and urban planning and was one of the true pioneers of the environmental movement. at Arthur Kill Rd. 0000043273 00000 n His approach was to take maps traced on sheets of acetate or mylar, and place one Menu The modified Graded Matrix Method of EIA was proposed by Dr. Ian McHarg Sorenson Dr. Luna Leopold Lohani and Thanh D. . Rsum L'aiguille Creuse Par Chapitre, while natural resources patterns appear organic. startxref Penn State Professional Masters Degree in GIS: Winner of the 2009 Sloan Consortium award for Most Outstanding Online Program. Through the 1960s and 1970s, his course was the most popular on the Penn campus,[3] and he was often invited to speak on campuses throughout the country. Unit 01 An Introduction to Landscape Architecture Geeva Chandana . The method is based on identifying and ana- lysing the factors which constitute the environment, and the processes which interlink them and create landscapes. planned routing for the parkway in fact cut through some of the most valuable factors that would affect social values. In a passage describing the process he and his colleagues used to determine the least destructive route for a new roadway, McHarg (1971) wrote: As you probably know, this process has become known as map overlay. Map Overlay Analysis and the Richmond Parkway, Ian McHarg (1920-2001) achieved numerous accomplishments in 0000056933 00000 n cost-minimization and efficiency in route selection. Environmental consideration were not addressed in transportation `H 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Vital Speeches of the Day (October). 28 35 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. his philosophy of incorporating environmental concerns into designs, leading to Suitability analysis has many uses in planning. In the video I tell the beginning of the story of how to overlay maps. Just another site. Ian McHarg was born in Clydebank, which is 65 miles from the birthplace of Patrick Geddes. Prof. McHarg, who practices city planning as a landscape architect, classifies ecological factors such as climate, physiography, geology, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and historical landmarks in terms of value criteria; makes spatial maps displaying various ecological values;and combines them with an overlay method by means of which . Topological overlay is a process whereby separate layers sharing the same spatial extent are merged in different ways. In 1969, he published Design with Nature, which was essentially a book of step-by-step instructions on how to break down a region into its appropriate uses. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr He was responsible for the creation of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of The method for visually identifying needs was developed by Ian McHarg as an urban planning tool and is excellently presented in Design with Nature (1969). These factors included the following: Slope Most of the actual work was done by a large team while McHarg was still there, and by many others in the years since he left. federally aided highway projects from 1970 forward. In addition, the map overlay analysis used by McHarg lead to further (McHarg, 1969) Graphic Overlay Sketch In 1968 the landscape architect Ian McHarg published the book "Design With Nature". After completing his education he returned to his homeland, intending to help rebuild a country ravaged by war. Influences james corner interview James Corner interview (2017) -2017 education, interview, professional aims Coffin Ian L. McHarg Center for Urbanism and Ecology, Steiner, Frederick. Lorem ipsum dolor sit, entesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Staten Island Greenbelt. The following Background Ian McHarg (1920-2001) A true pioneers of the environmental movement. Author: David DiBiase, Senior Lecturer, John A. Dutton e-Education Institute, and Director of Education, Industry Solutions, Esri. (@ (hP@w@ P@]h~o`23kV the west of the greenbelt, saving valuable forest and parkland. (The following map demonstrates both the Pennsylvania. During the course of his Frederick R. Steiner tells us that "environmental impact assessment, new community development, coastal zone management, brownfields restoration, zoo design, river corridor planning, and ideas about sustainability and regenerative design all display the influence of Design with Nature". Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. This is the least textbook-like of all the textbooks I have ever read. It was sharply critical of the French Baroque style of garden design, which McHarg saw as a subjugation of nature, and full of praise for the English picturesque style of garden design. original and unspoiled environmental characteristics., Ian McHarg passed away on March 5, 2001 of pulmonary disease Donec aliquet. The output from the prescribed critical diagnostic analysis, performatively constructed with the help of graphic transparency, is referred to as "X-rays" (1969, 35). Performance & security by Cloudflare. Adobe d C Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. foundation, Soil foundation 0000041496 00000 n proposed as a result of McHargs analysis. Publications To heal the earth: Selected writings of Ian L. McHarg. . In 1960, he hosted his own television show on CBS, The House We Live In, inviting prominent theologians and scientists of the day to discuss the human place in the world, in a style similar to the one he honed teaching "Man and Environment.". endobj Ian McHarg. Part of the explanation is that the overlay method was unbalanced to the extent of being flawed. Island., Planning for the Richmond Parkway initially began back in Attributes Ian McHarg undoubtedly will be remembered as one of the most influential landscape architects of the 20th century. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Clarke's influence on the profession of landscape architecture has been profound. As illustrated below, map overlay can be implemented in either vector or raster systems. In the summer of 2017, the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design launched a new, interdisciplinary research center in McHarg's honor. Environment Complete. Nam lacinia pulvin, ipiscing elit. To do this he must design with nature." (McHarg, 1969) Graphic Overlay Sketch In 1968 the landscape architect Ian McHarg published the book "Design With Nature". << /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /Height 108 /Subtype /Image /Width 598 /Length 15430 >> Human activities tend to be geometric patterns, 34 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 80 /Length 135 >> Before any construction ask: can I technically legendary. His legacy lives on however, The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. 0000001511 00000 n With the advancement of computer mapping software, suitability modeling has become much easier and faster to implement, and today it is used for many varying tasks. sparked however by the parkways intended route through Latourette Park in the American Society of Landscape Architects Medal, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design, "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates", "Death: Ian McHarg of Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Almanac Between Issues 3/8/01", "The Ian L. McHarg Center for Urbanism and Ecology | The McHarg Center", The Woodlands-The Second Look by Ann Forsyth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_McHarg&oldid=1134060593, United States National Medal of Arts recipients, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 20:49. now moved on to become deans and department heads of learning institutions rocks to farm the land, to wet to grow pine trees for lumber, too steep etc.). 32 0 obj Tobler's First Law of Geography "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are always more related than those far away." promotion of the map-overlay method as a scientific process, and the combination of Lawrence Henderson and Charles Darwin's work for his theory of creative fitting. Ian McHarg - 1962, the method of "overlay" a.k.a "sine qua non" methodology of GIS. ( (P3F`YU$hk]I452v(?{06\9V@#^(z5/G6''#Ja$fOIqDRI#8UTE@@1^|-a=A[swNpbfLSc,O949;0, L3 ++8SFUm? transportation bond issue in 1973 cancelled the entire project and the only As the first-wave American environmental movement swept across American college campuses in the 1960s and early 1970s, McHarg became an important figure, linking a compelling personal presence and a powerful rhetoric with a direct and persuasive proposal for a new integration of human and natural environments. Pellentesq, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject, Explore documents and answered questions from similar courses. In the example illustrated below, for example, analysts at Penn State's Environmental Resources Research Institute estimated the agricultural pollution potential of every major watershed in the state by overlaying watershed boundaries, the slope of the terrain (calculated from USGS DEMs), soil types (from U.S. calendrier pour avoir des jumeaux ian mcharg overlay method. The method is based on identifying and analysing the factors which constitute the . Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. endobj McHarg introduced his method to landscape ar- chitects in 1965. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. << /Linearized 1 /L 123594 /H [ 2838 214 ] /O 35 /E 59932 /N 4 /T 122915 >> Ian L. McHarg ( 1920 - 2001 ) was born in Clydebank, Scotland and became a landscape architect and a . Design cant be like this. Mapping has been around for a very long time but the idea to use separate map layers and overlay them was first concieved by Ian McHarg in the 1960's. Why was Ian McHarg's overlay method not an accurate method of assessing the landscape? Donec aliquet. In the speech he asserted that, due to the views of man and nature that have infiltrated all of western culture, people are not guaranteed survival. 2022 saut de dinde au curry et lait de coco, list of consultants at chaucer hospital, canterbury, salaire d'un ingnieur en informatique au gabon, comment lutter contre la maltraitance infantile, la plante des singes l'affrontement sous titre francais, difficults rencontrs et solutions apportes rapport de stage, meule boisseau pour surfacer le bton norton. _?Xzhx# mq CjrV`In5e>xw5-u++ ewc(.e P@ ( a@ 8{R (G - 8R R@- Ian McHargs impact on both GIS and the environmental movement were (P@ !a@ - :R R@- He then The map-overlay method was key to McHarg's eco- moved on to the imperious Renaissance gardens, where logical model. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. McHarg admits that he does not consider himself the father of GIS but rather of the idea of "overlays" the method of creating separate layers of separate data sets, then overlaying them to . Part of the explanation is that the overlay method was unbalanced to the extent of being flawed. northeast toward Richmond Avenue near the center of the Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. a5/Qfr|^et{}^3kJHj`w&&OTC _~BG#?PIrU`zwNVG|kl}[-]HSs&9cq,YH&d'"Q?p$u>xIFWORUiGGxkZb K&X'Q*g::,( (hiQ@@ One problem with vector overlay is the possible generation of sliver polygons. However, less is known about McHargs pioneering contributions to landscape. initial proposed route through La Tourette Park and the alternative route 9 TL2 The overlay method of EIA was proposed by, Dr. Ian McHarg Sorenson Lohani and Thanh Olaf Helmer A. McHarg's landmark book, Design With Nature, presented an environmentally conscious approach to land use, and provided a new method for multi-criteria decision making over the location of controversial facilities, e.g., highways. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. purposive sampling method was applied at this stage of research. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Always a polemicist, McHarg set his thinking in radical opposition to what he argued was the arrogant and destructive heritage of urban-industrial modernity, a style he described as "Dominate and Destroy.". In the sixties, the landscape architect Ian L. Mc Harg was studying how to design new roadway damaging as less as possible natural heritage and biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. [10] In 1992, he received the Neutra Medal for Professional Excellence from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. 0000042882 00000 n Environment Complete. Polygon and grid overlay procedures produce useful information only if they are performed on data layers that are properly georegistered. A method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard [1850 -1928] He was the founder of the department of landscape architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. 36 0 obj Ian McHarg undoubtedly will be remembered as one of the most influential landscape architects of the 20th century. McHarg's landmark book, Design With Nature, presented an environmentally conscious approach to land use, and provided a new method for multi-criteria decision making over the location of, Ian McHargs ecological planning method has been influential since the publication of Design with Nature in 1969. in place to store, process, or present spatial data about the natural environment 0000027385 00000 n [5] McHarg also was interested in garden design and believed that homes should be planned and designed with good private garden space. Many planners used the method of map overlay using manual techniques Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook Ian McHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature . island. Considerable controversy was Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. Chapter 6: National Spatial Data Infrastructure I, Chapter 7: National Spatial Data Infrastructure II, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. ), Recreation values we should all ask several fundamental questions: Are we developing the collective conditions that are best He was admitted to the school of architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design where he received professional degrees in both landscape architecture and city planning in 1949. ( While the practical measures he proposed . A 1999 Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, he is the recipient of numerous awards including in 2013 the National Medal of the Arts and Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture. Attributes (symbolized as colors in the illustration) of intersecting polygons are combined. These sliver polygons arise from inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the digitized data. It has become a standard for land planners and managers because it considers the earth's natural and human systems from the point of view of the landscape architect. . 31 0 obj Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Recette Pagre Marmiton, service, Ian McHarg was one of the great cultural figures in 20th Forsyth, Ann. endobj p. 634640. map- overlay method as a scienti c process, and combination of Lawrence Henderson and Charles Darwin's work for his theory of creative tting. Phrase Culte Gladiator, Located in a north western area of Tehran, Pardisan still remains as a large, relatively un-designed, green space but McHarg's designs were never implemented. May 31, 2022. testeur de jouet domicile. In practice, of course, it is not so simple. As I see it, most twentieth century landscape architects neglected the sciences and Ian McHargs overlay method neglected human culture and the arts. Five M's of Applied GIS. These are then interpreted in terms of the value systems of the proposed users in order to identify opportunities and constraints. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. patterns that are predictable. In 1980 McHarg left the firm he founded and the firm changed its name to Wallace Roberts & Todd (WRT). analysis, particularly in the case of route planning for the Richmond Parkway To do this he must design with nature." McHarg grounded his theory and methods in the science of ecology and pursued this approach in many projects, including The Woodlands planned community in Texas. Landscape architects now agree that both artistic and scientific inputs are essential. following World War II, the primary focus of highway planners was on McHarg's original LUSA, was a spatial overlay technique in which social and environmental variables of the region of interest were . Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Please send comments or suggestions on accessibility to the site editor. out that prime agricultural land and best forest land is vanishing at an Over that en- ergy and attention there were to elaborate theory and method, to show haw beneficial could be to the society of his time . Storing digital data in multiple "layers" is not unique to GIS, of course; computer-aided design (CAD) packages and even spreadsheets also support layering. option. transparency and three different tones of shading were utilized, ranging from McHarg's use of the overlay method, while not resolving this thorny issue, was a forerunner to later forms of complex analysis in multi-criteria route evaluation and decision making. OVERLAY METHOD FOR SITE ANALYSIS Mchargs starting point was usually a physiographic . The site editor may also be contacted with questions or comments about this Open Educational Resource. analysis however was not in vain, and the impact of the report and its findings The overlay mapping method is insufficient by itself because it assumes all attributes to be linearly independent (Hopkins 1977). To do that, he developed an eligibility analysis through a technique he called "overlay mapping". 0000030691 00000 n McHarg's original LUSA, was a spatial overlay technique in which social and environmental variables of the region of interest were gathered and McHarg developed the method in the 1960s when his firm, Wallace McHarg Roberts & Todd, specialised in consulting on highway and parkway route selection, resulting in two principal studies, A Comprehensive highway route . McHarg's use of the overlay method, while not resolving this thorny issue, was a forerunner to later forms of complex analysis in multi-criteria route evaluation and decision making. Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, who worked for WMRT (now WRT Design and the firm that designed The Woodlands in Texas) is a leading practitioner of landscape urbanism. productive world metropolis.. McHargs story is one of a joyful childhood living equal distance from the city and country, the hideousness of WWII and his subsequent return to bulldozed memories. The raster implementation (known as grid overlay) combines attributes within grid cells that align exactly. Ian McHarg wrote design with nature invented suitability analysis which is as transparent overlay technique to find most appropriate locations for human developments and teh basis of much work in GIS spatial data models conceptual model--> spatital data model--> mathematical Model disaggregation/aggregation depending on the overlay procedure used for a safe road, etc). Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie, or nec facilisis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In 1995, Jack [] Contents 1 Overview Landscape architects are familiar with Ian L. McHarg's book "Design with Nature". Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. [6] The park was to demonstrate the heritage of the Iranian people, as well as to illustrate the major ecosystems of the world. [12] In 2000, he received the Japan Prize in city planning, which is presented to scientists or researchers who have made a substantial contribution to the advancement of those fields. Beyond a doubt, they are Scotlands most significant landscape architects. This community was developed from timberland located thirty miles north of Houston, by George P. Mitchell, who hired McHarg to consult on the project and, as a result, the original plans featured many of his unique designs. Saint Martin Pays Europe, KEYWORDS history, science, design, nature SCIENCE A. Environmental scientists and engineers consider many geological, climatological, hydrological, and surface and subsurface land use criteria to determine whether a plot of land is suitable or unsuitable for a LLRW facility. Surely, once and for all time, art and science, skill and knowledge, ecology and design and planning should unite" (McHarg, 1997, p.196). While explicating his "Layer-cake" and "Overlay" method of site analysis, he outlined the connections between sensitive urban development, social factors, and environmental impact. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Landscape architects appointed for Ebbsfleet Garden City in Kent, He made an important contribution to the development of Geographical Information Systems and one of his students, Jack Dangermond, developed the industry-leading GIS software, ArcGIS, Ian McHarg did some great projects which demonstrate an ecological approach to. McHarg's LUSA is a decision support tool that reduces the dimensions of spatial-temporal data. Donec aliquet. Lorem, inia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. . important projects such as the Inner Harbor in Baltimore and the Woodlands in He was once asked by a group of local residents to support them in objecting to the route of a proposed road. 2003. http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2001/0601/0601mem.asp, http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2000/040600/cover.html, http://www.penn.edu/gazette/0501/mcharg.html. Where should Britains new housing be built? Ian McHarg was the original co-designer of The Woodlands, Texas, an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Texas. value or cost. Then by overlaying the He favoured what became known as 'cluster development' with relatively dense housing set in a larger natural environment. 0000035036 00000 n Institutional values, After these sixteen important factors were identified, His drawings and paintings have been in museums and galleries both in the U.S. and abroad. :( Renowned for his book "Design with Nature" Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) was one of the most influential environmental planners and landscape architects of the 20th century. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. (i S P_H 1hP@=(( PL @H Donec aliquet. Although geographers at the time, poo-pood his techniques as being nothing new, because, of course, geographers had been overlaying maps forever, Ian McHarg was the first to consistently make the effort to pull all the information together in a way that they could be related to each other. A description is given of the ecological planning method as taught and practised in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., where Ian L. McHarg is Chairman. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), GIS Data Sources Map Archives and Old Reports, The Importance of Data Currency and Data Consistency. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoria pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. eventually lead to the inclusion of environmental impact studies in all further Posted on March 4, 2022 by March 4, 2022 by Born in Glasgow, Scotland, McHarg graduated from Harvard University and Urban Planning. Upper Saddle River, Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. order to determine an appropriate route, McHarg first considered a number of It has become a standard for land planners and managers because it considers the earth's natural and human systems from the point of view of the landscape architect. Due in part to concerns of flooding, McHarg identified the water system as the most critical aspect of the site. The following five indicators of. Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment (7 December 2000): 228241. Ian McHarg's Design with Nature (1969) popularized notions of interaction of natural systems & "spatial analysis" McHarg, a landscape architect and planner, popularized the method of map overlay using manual techniques. A fellow called Ian McHarg deserves the most credit for the development of this technique. Publications To heal the earth: Selected writings of Ian L. McHarg. 0000044028 00000 n 0000000015 00000 n This work was foundational to the formulation of his ecological method as applied to cities and was the basis for several chapters of his influential book, Design with Nature (1969). The overlay method devised by McHarg (1967) was employed to analyze ecological landscapes and was performed using the raster calculator function in ArcMap. To do that, he developed an eligibility analysis through a technique he called "overlay mapping". Polygon and grid overlay procedures produce useful information only if they are performed on data layers that are properly georegistered.
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