Just a few weeks ago, I was jogging one evening in Hollywood when I came upon an odd scene: Scores of cars were stopped. Picture hundreds of thousands of people crossing a bridge at the same time until the bridges towers hit their breaking point causing the bridge to collapse, dropping all those people to their death. The Seljas owner tried suing the owners of the Beaver, but the maritime court came to the conclusion that the collision was, in fact, Seljas fault because it had been going too fast in a thick fog. The closure is scheduled for 9 p-m through 5-a-m Monday through Thursday and 10 p-m through 7 a-m Friday through Saturday morning. Back in 1853, the SS Tennessee got caught in a deadly current and collided with the nearby rocks. In fact, when you see those guys in the picture being so high up in the air, it seems almost too scary to do. Despite these concerns, on June27, 2014, California approved a funding plan to install a suicide barrier. You actually need special permission to do so, and it has to be arranged in advance with all necessary security measures. As of 2001, Hopper reported having rescued 30 suicidal individuals and losing two. The Fresno City Council unanimously approved a citywide audit of credit card use and reimbursements for the last five years. Five years later, he sold the company to Leslie Wexner and by the early 90s, it became the largest American lingerie retailer. Hes originally from Cincinnati. [45][46] The design was finalized in December 2014; however the project was delayed due to concerns from the National Park Service about storing construction materials at the site for the estimated three years it will take to complete the work. SS Selja was used to transport the goods between the Pacific Northwest and Japan and China. [80][81] The California Highway Patrol recommended the San Francisco District Attorney's Office charge the student with misdemeanor trespassing (a charge that entails climbing any rail, cable, suspender rope, tower or superstructure not intended for public use), punishable by up to a year in the county jail and/or a fine up to $10,000, and that the teenager undergo a medical/psychiatric evaluation by medical professionals.[82][83]. Gallagher told his co-workers he was leaving briefly to get coffee. The support struts attach to the vertical members of the Bridge stiffening truss and are spaced every 50 feet, the same spacing as the Suspension Bridge suspender ropes. An official suicide count was kept until the year 1995, sorted according to which of the bridges 128 lamp posts the jumper was nearest when he or she jumped.The official count ended on June 5, 1995 on the 997th jump; jumper No. San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge Board of . Retired UCSF professor of psychiatry Jerome Motto stated that Alarab might have been disturbed by the outbreak of the war and "that previously bearable pain suddenly became intolerable. A 300-foot-long mock up of the barrier was unveiled to reporters on Tuesday at a construction yard in Richmond. Despite the staggering number of lives lost about 30 yearly it was only in 2014 that San Francisco Bay Area officials approved a $76-million package to fund the net. Since its opening in 1937 to 2012, the bridge has seen over an estimated 1,400 suicides, with a 98% fatality rate. We stand with our fellow law enforcement agencies in protecting the public from actions by bail agents that threaten peoples safety and holding them accountable when they violate California law and the terms of their license, Deputy Insurance Commissioner Michael Soller told the paper. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge no longer holds the record for the worlds longest and tallest bridge, but it is still the tallest one in the US. Forty-seven-year-old Chris J. Christensen was a well-known local jeweler who had been recently elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Over 75% of the mesh has been completed, but it has yet to be affixed to the bridge. Saving Lives at the Golden Gate Bridge. At the time it was opened back in 1937, it was the tallest and the longest suspension bridge in the world but that has changed over the years with a number of huge bridges built across the world. Unfortunately, the body count has increased since it first opened on May 27, 1937. [19] One young man survived a jump in 1979, swam to shore, and drove himself to a hospital. [1], In 2013, 118 potential jumpers were talked down from their attempts and did not jump. Poles to hold a suicide net jut out from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco in December 2019. By clicking Sign Up, I confirmthat I have read and agreeto the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. Some die instantly from internal injuries, while others drown or die of hypothermia.The Golden Gate bridge's death toll has since been surpassed only by that of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in China. The project is estimated to cost $211 million. During one of the worst moments of my life, I would want privacy. The fatality rate of jumping is roughly 98%. Check out Bay Area safety tracker, Tracking the drought: Map shows conditions across SF Bay Area, Bay Area Life; Sundays at 6:30 p.m. on ABC7, Officials approve net to prevent suicides on Golden Gate Bridge. After arriving at the Page home, she discovered the body of her daughter. https://tinyurl.com/4z5jf9na It was described as one of the mostbreathtaking and mostsnappedlandmarks in the world by the Frommers travel guide. [21] The boxes purportedly recorded 17 jumps in three months, far greater than the official count. According to a report released by MarinHealth Medical Center the hospital responsible for people who attempt suicide on the structure doctors and emergency responders have increased the odds of survival from 2% historically to 3% since 2010. wikipedia, He jumped off the golden gate bridge and lived to tell about it to help others, Engineering professor Natalie Jeremijenko, as part of her Bureau of Inverse Technology art collective, created a Despondency Index by correlating the Dow Jones Industrial Average with the number of jumpers detected by Suicide Boxes containing motion-detecting cameras, which she claimed to have set up under the bridge. [41] However, a funding source for the overall project still had not been identified, and there was concern that this lack of funding could delay the net's deployment. The Suicide Deterrent System Net is being constructed in sections in Richmond. Found living in a low-rent rooming house and having lost 40 pounds, Christensen explained that campaign contributors who supported his election had asked him to "do things he couldn't do." RELATED: Officials approve net to prevent suicides on Golden Gate Bridge. copy and paste the following link: Following Sunday nights stunning altercation, the motion picture academy announced it is conducting a formal review of Smiths conduct. How big that potential upswing might prove to be remains the subject of much debate. It is pretty unbelievable how many movies and TV shows filmed the complete destruction of the Golden Gate Bridge, all of them as scary as it gets. Only 5% (which alone is about 20,000 square feet) has actually made it onto the structure. The Golden Gate Bridge, . Sonoma Sheriff's/Courtesy. On average, 30 people or more die from suicide here each year. A resident of the San Francisco Bay Area at the time of his death, Salinger was buried in San Mateo County. According to the urban legend, something like that almost happened on May 24, 1987. Fresno Bee, Column: Stop hounding Dianne Feinstein and let her finish her time in the Senate. Some of the medias silence about these tragedies has less to do with taboo and more with prevention. [78], Along with confirmed suicide deaths and suicide attempts at the bridge, there have been false suicides as well. Sign in Talk to someone today 988. Second Chances: 'I survived jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge' More than 1,400 people have jumped to their deaths since the. Most of the jumpers die due to impact trauma. Over 1600 people have committed suicide by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge with the bridges youngest victim being only 5 years old. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Is it possible the ghosts of some of the jumpers are still there, spending eternity on the bridge that was the place of their passing? One young woman, Sarah Rutledge Birnbaum, survived, but returned to jump again and died the second time. Investigators concluded he was unable to cope with the pressures of being in public office. Numerous witnesses started reporting seeing this long-lost ship as they stood on the bridge while hearing screams and cries in the mist. Contrary to popular belief, the Victorias Secret retail store wasnt founded by a woman named Victoria who really enjoyed wearing great looking and high-quality lingerie. The bridges first known suicide happened only 10 weeks later. Then, the agency makes arrangements to have the individual transported to a local facility where they can further be evaluated by mental health professionals. The importance of a safety barrier is something Golden Gate Bridge chief engineer Joseph Strauss recognized while construction was taking place from 1933 to 1937. I'm going to jump." He added that a separate county report on deaths. The most suicides in one month were in August 2013, when 10 jumped. During the stroll, Wobber took off his coat and vest, threw them to the man, and declared, "This is where I get off. The first section of netting was installed on the Golden Gate Bridge this year. It is hard to be sure, but those reports are definitely disturbing. During the fall, his body rotated so that when he hit the water, he was in a sitting position, taking the impact in his legs and up through his back. Visit this page to explore them. And, shares that are not noted as owned by (AOC),DO NOT belong to (AOC)BUT belong to their rightful owners as referenced and credited. In 2013, 118 potential jumpers were talked down from their attempt and did not jump. Law enforcement tried to talk him back over the railing while he read a statement he had written denouncing the war, which had started earlier that day. Sorry! The patrol officers noticed his strange behavior as he walked along the bridge with his daughter in his arms so they approached him to check on things. Originally surviving a fall from the Golden Gate in 1988, Paul Aladdin Alarab died on March 19, 2003, when he jumped from the bridge in protest of the United States' invasion of Iraq. 1 of 32 Suicide_jrs_0122_jpg.jpg The Body of a jumper off of the Golden Gate Bridge being prepared to be put into a hearst at the Coast Guard Station at Fort Baker. . The Golden Gate Bridge gets visited by millions of tourists every year, unfortunately, some of them travel all that way only commit suicide by jumping off the bridge. People have been known to travel to San Francisco specifically to jump off the bridge, and may take a bus or cab to the site; police sometimes find abandoned rental cars in the parking lot. The Suicide Deterrent System Net is being constructed in sections. [69], U.S. Coast Guard spokesperson Shelly Freier stated the USCG had recovered the bodies of both father and daughter by the next day, January 29. One of the most famous encounters happened in 1942 when the crew of another ship reported passing by an unmanned ship with the SS Tennessee name written on the side. The Golden Gate Bridge is the most used suicide site in the world. According to his family, Salinger, who had occasionally been Kennedy's golf caddy, never got over the president's assassination. Get our free daily crossword puzzle, sudoku, word search and arcade games in our new game center at latimes.com/games. The MTC approved to contribute $27 million of the $76-million overall cost for the project, and federal, state, and local authorities will likewise contribute to the project. Tying one end of a rope to the bridge and wrapping the other end of the rope around his arms, Alarab then demanded to talk to media. At that moment, Page threw his daughter over the railing before they could stop him, and then he climbed over and committed suicide. For example, in 2013, over a hundred people were talked down from their suicide attempt thanks to the security measures such as the emergency personnel and the telephone hotline. So which film do you think wrecked the Golden Gate Bridge the best? If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health, there are resources out there for you. [42], The lack of funding for the project continued to delay the schedule of completion. [12] By 2012 the unofficial count exceeded 1,600 (in which the body was recovered or someone saw the jump)[1] and new suicides were occurring about once every two weeks, according to a San Francisco Chronicle analysis. The vacationing professor grabbed the man's belt, but Wobber was able to get free and jumped over the four-foot-high rail to his death in the San Francisco Bay. The Coast Guard reportedly carried out a two-hour search. However, this is not something tourists can normally do, you cant just climb on top of the bridge whenever you please. Christensen's coat was found attached to a work box at the center span of the bridge with a note in the coat that read, "Loved Ones: My nerves are shot. Called "Cowboys of the Sky", they have the equipment and knowledge of the bridge, as well as the experience working at extreme heights, giving them the qualifications to go over the rail and assist those in need. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items. I looked in the direction everyone was staring and located the source of their mirth: A man was standing on the guardrails of the 101 Freeway, about 15 feet above a road from an exit ramp. SAN FRANCISCO (KGO) -- You can expect delays for years as crews have started installing a suicide net under the bridge. The selected design allows open, scenic vistas to remainintact,while preventing anyone from easily jumping to the water below. Los Angeles Times, How to get your second COVID-19 booster shot if you are 50 or older. [13] The most suicides in one month were in August 2013, when 10 jumped. Some particularly on the far left would like to see Feinstein go and someone more liberal and theatrical take her place. A study suggests the latter point is actually a myth. Our goal is to stop the tragedy.. Currents beneath the bridge are strong and some jumpers have more than likely been washed out to sea without being seen. At the top, I took this huge gasp of air, said John Kevin Hines, who was 19 at the time of his jump. Moylan was the grandson of John Moylan, a longtime member of the Golden Gate District board of directors who campaigned for the installation of suicide barriers on the bridge. While the Golden Gate Bridge is one of San Franciscos most recognizable symbols, it is well known to be something more than that and not in a good way. [A] New barriers have eliminated suicides at other landmarks around the world, but were opposed for the Golden Gate Bridge for reasons of cost, aesthetics, and safety, as the load from a poorly designed barrier could significantly affect the bridge's structural integrity during a strong windstorm. The deck of the bridge is about 245 feet (75m) above the water. It was a victory when a date for completion was set for early 2021. Net construction began in 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2023. Californias snowpack is approaching an all-time record, with more on the way, Officials unprepared for epic mountain blizzard, leaving many trapped and desperate, A $150,000 executive protection dog? The film captured a number of suicides, and featured interviews with family and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the bridge that year. It is a beauty, but underneath its pulchritude lies an ugly truth: Many lives have been lost because of it. A United States Coast Guard vessel rescued him, and he was transported to a hospital in San Francisco where he received emergency surgery. Los Angeles Times, Two people and a dog were rescued from a rain-swollen river on Monday. The story of the Golden Gate Bridge's ghost ship is one of San Francisco most popular ghost tales. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Kevin Hines, Golden Gate Bridge suicide survivor to share story in virtual event in Wilmington . [2] As of 2013[update], it is estimated that 34 people have survived after jumping. [31] One of the ironworkers, Ken Hopper, began working at the bridge in the mid-1980s and sees the volunteer rescue duty as "part of the job". Funding for building this barrier was unanimously approved by the Golden Gate Bridge Board of Directors on June 27, 2014. [84] The film crew shot almost 10,000 hours of footage, recording 23 of the known 24 suicides off the bridge in 2004. In addition to Golden Gate bridge patrol, law enforcement, and emergency medical personnel, there are Golden Gate Bridge ironworkers who volunteer their time to prevent suicides by talking to or wrestling down suicidal people. A look of exasperation stretched across his face. The netting was scheduled to be complete in 2021 at a projected cost of $211 million. The Suicide Deterrent System, also known as the Safety Net, is being constructed to keep people from jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge. California Highway Patrol Officer Darrel Horner told me that once they locate and determine that someone is experiencing a mental health crisis, the person is involuntarily detained. His body was recovered almost immediately. I appreciate it. Officials say the net should be finished by January 2021. I wanted to begin this story with a warning: As you probably gathered from the headline, this newsletter contains candid discussions about suicide. Other arguments include the enormous cost and that people will simply find another way to carry out the act. It is also known as the suicide bridge and over 1600 bodies of people who decided to end their life by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge have been recovered from the waters under it since its opening in 1937. Rather than doing so, he drove to the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge, parked, and jumped. This is the Essential California newsletter. [47], Fabrication of the stainless-steel netting and structural pieces began offsite in May 2017 after years of debate and installation of the netting on-site began in August 2018. March 3, 2023. Read More. Dressed in business casual attire a white dress shirt with unbuttoned cuffs and dark slacks he put his hands behind his head. ThePremium offers ad free access to all TheClever content and so much more. This design was chosen through a public process which solicited input from the community. On average, 30 people or more die from suicide here each year. We are also dedicated to the preservation of the U.S.A.'s Close this popup and browse for 2 minutes. Golden gate bridge suicide (short documentary) - YouTube 0:00 / 8:30 Sign in to confirm your age This video may be inappropriate for some users. Tips for Out-of-State & Out-of-Country Visitors, Pay a Toll for a Vehicle with No License Plate, Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues, Disadvantaged & Small Business Enterprise Program, Larkspur Ferry Service & Parking Expansion Study, Sausalito Ferry Terminal Improvements Project. People were laughing. The bodies of both father and daughter were recovered the next day from the water and Kellie became the youngest person to die after falling from the Golden Gate Bridge. In that instant, I thought, what have I just done? Monday, June 14, 2021. [43] In 2012, President Barack Obama enacted the Transportation Re-authorization Bill permitting federal funding towards transportation infrastructure projects. However, the unpredicted weight of such a huge number of people on the bridge at the same time caused the middle of the bridge to sag 7 feet. At one point a good Samaritan jumped into the water and grabbed the dog, but the animal slipped from his grip, and the man had to be rescued himself. It looks pretty scary with such a big part missing, doesnt it? It will serve as a model for construction crews as they begin building the net, which is made of stainless steel. As of 2013, it is estimated that 34 people have survived after jumping. [26], A volunteer group called the Bridgewatch Angels was founded by Pleasanton Police Lieutenant, Mia Munayer, in 2011. These efforts were given momentum by two films dealing with the topic of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge. (Even research is challenging: A source discouraged me from sharing certain details, and Google on many occasions told me help was available.). Capital and Main, The highly infectious BA.2 Omicron subvariant is now the dominant version of the coronavirus circulating in the United States, according to federal estimates, a development that is triggering fresh concerns of a potential springtime wave. In 2005, a survivor recounted the brutally honest tale behind his attempt. [64][67] Page, after killing his wife, drove with their three-year-old daughter, Kellie, to the Golden Gate Bridge. The 1978 Seiden study at the Golden Gate Bridge showed that 90 percent of those stopped from jumping did not later die by suicide or other violent means. The film discusses key design changes made to the bridge by architect Irving Morrow, notably the lowering of the pedestrian railing. One of them was Kevin Hines, a 19-year-old suffering from paranoia whojumped off the bridge in 2000, but who was lucky enough that his body rotated so he hit the water in a sitting position which caused serious injuries but didnt kill him. Thank you so much. FasTrak Tolling Issue Update. [52], The first known intentional death from the Golden Gate Bridge occurred when the bridge was just a little over three months past its opening. The spot where the ship went down was named Tennessee Cove after the incident. T he Golden Gate Bridge has long had a reputation as one of America's most beautiful landmarks, and also one of its deadliest. SAN FRANCISCO (KTVU) - Golden Gate Bridge officials said construction on a suicide barrier is moving along as scheduled. The first incident was considered an accident. Sometimes even pets were allowed. How safe is your neighborhood? When a police psychologist is on scene, they will coach the volunteer rescuers by radio and the ironworkers are provided seminars on suicide prevention. This observation is supported by survivor Ken Baldwin, who explained, "I instantly realized that everything in my life that I'd thought was unfixable was totally fixableexcept for having just jumped."[87]. The first documented case of "pseudocide" at the Golden Gate Bridge was in 1948. The cost of installing a net to deter people from jumping to their deaths from the Golden Gate Bridge has ballooned to $400 million. Following his suicide attempt, he appeared in a documentary film, The Bridge (2006) and was interviewed on CNN by Larry King. but it costs a lot of money to get that done. "[72], On January 29, 2008, 17-year-old Casey Brooks of Tiburon, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge. Although it had previously been considered impractical to build a suicide barrier, in 2014, the bridge's directors approved a proposal for a net below the bridge's deck, extending out either side, rather than side barriers at the railings as had long been proposed. The boxes purportedly recorded 17 jumps in three months, far greater than the official count. Golden Gate Bridge Suicide Since it was erected in 1937, more than 1700 people are estimated to have jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge, and just 25 are known to have survived, according to Robert Olson of The Centre for Suicide Prevention in Calgary, Canada. [12] The youngest known death is five-year-old Marilyn DeMont; in 1945, she was told to jump by her father who followed her. Since then, costs have ballooned to $206.7 million, Golden Gate Bridge district spokesperson Paolo Cosulich-Schwartz told me. John Storey Sausalito Event on . The man looked embarrassed as he stood motionless in a state of paralysis by the weight of the moment. The California Air Resources Board doesnt maintain a full statewide list. Following further, experimental surgery, he made a complete recovery. [70] An apology letter addressed to Page's stepson, who was at school at the time of all three deaths, was found at the family home. Despite the effort to break the suicide contagion, the grim statistics are still astonishing to this day. [67] The Page family home was in Fremont, but Page maintained a separate apartment after he and his wife separated. Most suicidal jumps from the bridge have occurred on the side facing the bay. It gives [professionals] an opportunity to pull them off the edge.. Regarding his thoughts after the jump, he later said, "There was a millisecond of free fall. Please support TheClever so we can continue providing you with great content! John Moylan referred to his grandson's death as "heartbreaking"; however, he did not blame it on the lack of a barrier. Chris." Copyright 2023 Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. [59], On January 28, 1993, Steven Page murdered his wife Nancy and then threw his 3-year-old daughter Kellie off the Golden Gate Bridge, before jumping off the bridge himself. Although the net will likely prevent deaths, make no mistake: Jumping would still be a painful experience. Between 1937 and 2012, an estimated 1,400 bodies were recovered of people who had jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, located in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States. Her 28-year-old son, Jacob Story, committed suicide in 2010. One young woman, Sarah Rutledge Birnbaum, survived, but returned to jump again and died the second time. Read More Apr 01, 2021 Golden Gate Bridge East Sidewalk Changes Due to Suicide Deterrent Net Construction Beginning Monday, April 5, people biking and walking on the Golden Gate Bridge east sidewalk will notice sections of the pathway narrowed for construction and storage related to the ongoing installation of the Suicide Deterrent Net. He also became a proponent for the net or a suicide barrier on the bridge to help prevent such incidents. (AP Photo/Eric Risberg / AP Newsroom) 1000, Eric Atkinson , jumped on July 3, 1995. The father was the one who commanded her to do so and he followed her just a couple of moments later. However, 11 people did die during the construction of the bridge. [7][12][14] The rate of incidence of attempts has risen to nearly one every other day. [12], The proposed suicide barrier will consist of stainless steel netting stretching 20 feet (6.1m) out on either side of the bridge, and 20 feet below the bridge. The film was inspired by Tad Friend's 2003 article titled "Jumpers", written for The New Yorker magazine. Please whitelist TheClever or disable your ad blocker to continue. [24] Attempts to introduce a suicide barrier have been thwarted by engineering difficulties, high costs, and public opposition. Years have passed and the Golden Gate Bridge was built above the waters where the ship went down and that is when some peculiar things started to happen. Harvard University and UC Berkeley found that 9 out of 10 people who attempt suicide and survive will not go on to die by suicide at a later date. The bridge is now closed to pedestrians at night. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate", "Jumpers The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge", "Man kills wife, throws child from bridge", "Deadly Drama Climaxes On Golden Gate Bridge", "Man Throws Daughter, 3, Off Bridge, Then Jumps", "5 Things You Didn't know: Victoria's Secret", "Golden Gate Bridge fall was 2nd for protester / Victim had survived similar '88 plunge", "An Adoptive Father's Lessons Learned About Attachment Disorder", https://www.yelp.com/biz/casey-brooks-memorial-benches-strawberry-4, "Brawl over bench honoring suicide victim jolts Strawberry", "Marin parents vexed by vandalism at daughter's memorial", "The Girl Behind the Door: A Father's Quest to Understand His Daughter's Suicide|Paperback", "Grandson of suicide barrier advocate leaps to his death off Golden Gate Bridge", "Student Survives Jump From Golden Gate Bridge", "Windsor teen survives leap from Golden Gate Bridge", "Teenager Survives Jump Off Golden Gate Bridge", "CHP Recommends Trespassing Charges Against Teen Who Jumped From Golden Gate Bridge", "A Net, at Last, for the Golden Gate Bridge? The story of the Golden Gate Bridges ghost ship is one of San Francisco most popular ghost tales. Previously, he served as a web editor for NBC New York and NBC Chicago. Approximately 98% of the jumpers die the moment their body hit the water because the impact is so hard, the human body just cant take it. If you or someone you know is exhibiting warning signs of suicide, seek help from a professional and call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK (8255). Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, the brutally honest tale behind his attempt, horrific competitions the coverage was creating, Harvard University and UC Berkeley found that, a comprehensive Times guide to buying a house, announced it is conducting a formal review, Fabian Hector Herrera, fatally shot David Spann, ICE detainees allege retaliation for speaking about medical conditions at Otay Mesa center, Downtown L.A stabbing sends six to hospital; suspect arrested, San Diego Roman Catholic diocese facing yet another lawsuit from its insurance company, K-Pop isnt the only hot ticket in Koreatown how trot is captivating immigrants, David Lindley, guitarist best known for work with Jackson Browne, dies at 78. When there is so much death surrounding a place, it is quite usual for some ghost stories to start spreading among the people and the Golden Gate Bridge is no exception to that. The proposed suicide barrier will consist of stainless steel netting stretching 20 feet (6.1 m) out on either side of the bridge, and 20 feet below the bridge.
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