Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . . Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Acholi | people | Britannica Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Religious Practitioners. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. before. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Conflict. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. element of the social and political environment of the region. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Political Organization. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. Langlands, B. W. (1971). The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. (February 23, 2023). Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". The Lwoo. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Shilluk Acholi In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. of as dialects of Acholi. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Politics has been around for millennia. 2008. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. B. Webster, eds. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Congo. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Domestic Unit. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Following the (1988). ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century ." Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Updates? Political Organization. million first language speakers at the time. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Identification. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Luo peoples - Wikipedia Encyclopedia.com. ." David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom However, this number is most likely considerably At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). These guns brought "Acholi During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. B.A. ." Orientation That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. Identification. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Corrections? 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. While rwodi, At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Trade. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Social Control. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. majority peasant population. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Division of Labor. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms London: James Currey. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. PDF University of Bradford eThesis They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. southern parts of the country. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 53- connected and intertwined chiefdoms. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Social Organization. . coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Orientation et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. The Southern Lwoo language group limited wealth in the society and redistribution. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Figure 5. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Even in this . It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Bor Lango While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Okot p'Bitek (1971). They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Religious Beliefs. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. [1994], p. 80). One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Dholuo Marriage. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Orientation The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. 23 Feb. 2023
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