To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. A theory of cognitive dissonance. >> stream This is an example of_______ cause. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. 2. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. Festinger, L. (1957). show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Marco is using an example of. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. 2. Which of the following statements is TRUE? How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Control condition. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". (Goleman, 1991). /H [ 658 210 ] The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. His data, however did not support this idea. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. 49 0 obj He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior 0000000848 00000 n Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. 1 Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. ---------------------References: The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. 60 0 obj There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Eddie has made the _________. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). >> In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. . 0000011828 00000 n Add to folder What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. Don't see what you need? The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Psy 301: Social Psychology It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . & KING, B.T. /Linearized 1.0 Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. 0000010779 00000 n in order to reduce dissonance. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. 0000000015 00000 n by meredith_davis9, 0000000868 00000 n The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. New York Times, p.C1. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. He did this for one-half hour. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 0000001089 00000 n Oct. 2011. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Introducing Cram Folders! /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] endobj If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. 52 0 obj Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. endobj The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). 0000010660 00000 n But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. 80 0 obj <> endobj Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Please sign in to share these flashcards. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. 0000094931 00000 n Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. 2. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. 0 Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Festinger, L. (1957). Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Twenty Dollar condition. endobj Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment.
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