Users guide to variant detection calculators. Aug 1 2021;175(8):837-845. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0630, Miller AD, Zambrano LD, Yousaf AR, et al. People reinfected with omicron variant had fewer symptoms, small CDC Shorter incubation time for this variant suggests the quarantine period could be reduced. A number of measures have been implemented throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States through travel. Apr 2022;21(4):435-451. doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2035222, Lee A, Wong SY, Chai LYA, et al. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. . Clin Infect Dis. Each new variant may have its own variations in incubation periods. We take your privacy seriously. Case investigations have identified exposures associated with international and domestic travel, large public events, and household transmission. Omicron Incubation Period: How Long Are You Contagious With COVID Incidence and clinical phenotype of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant by vaccination status: a Danish nationwide prospective cohort study. Preventing chronic disease. Omicron's Incubation Period Is Short: Here's Why That - Yahoo Finance Feb 10 2022;386(6):509-520. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116044, Sjoding MW, Dickson RP, Iwashyna TJ, Gay SE, Valley TS. Omicron has numerous mutations with potential to increase transmissibility, confer resistance to therapeutics, or partially escape infection- or vaccine-induced immunity (2). Int J Infect Dis. Shorter incubation period among COVID-19 cases with the BA.1 Omicron variant. Estimated overall mean incubation periods and means within percentiles for Omicron and Delta variants in study of SARS-CoV-2 incubation period during the Omicron BA.5-dominant period in Japan* *Values are mean no. Jan 2021;21(1):52-58. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30764-7, Wang J, Kaperak C, Sato T, Sakuraba A. COVID-19 reinfection: a rapid systematic review of case reports and case series. Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review. A shorter incubation period "makes a virus much, much, much harder to control," Jennifer Nuzzo, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, warned The Atlantic this week . Regarding the isolation period for COVID-19 generally, the CDC states that people must isolate for 10 days after symptoms first show up and can stop after that as long as they haven't had a. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. May 7 2021;70(18):674-679. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7018e1, Zimmermann P, Pittet LF, Curtis N. The Challenge of Studying Long COVID: An Updated Review. Characteristics of Persons Who Died with COVID-19 - United States, February 12-May 18, 2020. "What we've seen with omicron compared to the previous incubation time -- which is seven days between time exposed to . Factors associated with deaths due to COVID-19 versus other causes: population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. A recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed data from six people who contracted the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and found that 73 hours (or three days) was the typical incubation period for patients. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab991, Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182, Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Friedman KG, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Among Adults Aged >/=18 Years, by Vaccination Status, Before and During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022. Exposure in restaurants has been shown to increase COVID-19 infection risk (14). Cmaj. What We Know About Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 - Verywell Health Hoarse voice. No hospitalizations or deaths were reported. Overall, the average incubation period of all the variants was 6.57 days, ranging from 1.8 to 18.87 days. N Engl J Med. Third, exposures from sources other than the infector of the pair might have been missed. While long COVID, hospitalization, or death is less likely if a person is vaccinated, it is still possible and is not a risk that most of us want to take. Saving Lives, Protecting People, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/spheres.html, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportion, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/11/26/a-proclamation-on-suspension-of-entry-as-immigrants-and-nonimmigrants-of-certain-additional-persons-who-pose-a-risk-of-transmitting-coronavirus-disease-2019, https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/fr-proof-negative-test.html, https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/order-collect-contact-info.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/contact-tracing/contact-tracing-plan/overview.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html, https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/masks/mask-travel-guidance.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel/index.html, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scientific-brief-omicron-variant.html, https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern, https://covid-19.tacc.utexas.edu/media/filer_public/d9/d9/d9d99a16-704e-4c00-ab41-069957c6c25e/variant_calculator_user_guide.pdf, https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/clinical/clinical-genomics/pathogen-detection-solutions/covid-19-sars-cov-2/multiplex.html, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-01975-w, https://www.nicd.ac.za/frequently-asked-questions-for-the-b-1-1-529-mutated-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-south-africa/, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. On December 2, CDC amended its existing Order requiring predeparture testing for all air passengers to the United States from any other country. The Amended Order, effective December 6, shortened the window for obtaining a negative SARS-CoV-2 viral test result to no more than 1 day before the flights departure. Among 43 cases with initial follow-up, one hospitalization and no deaths were reported. The average duration of illness is shorter with Omicron than Delta: five days compared to six. New CDC data on omicron variant symptoms: What happens after Assignment of epidemiological lineages in an emerging pandemic using the pangolin tool. Aug 24 2022;75(1):e191-e200. JAMA. The first U.S. case of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant was identified on December 1. In our study, we estimated the incubation period (period between virus exposure and symptom onset) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5, determined potential correlations with demographic data and transmission settings, and compared the BA.5 subvariant with other subvariants. Omicron and its subvariants have shorter incubation periods, which means it takes less time for symptoms to appear after exposure to the virus. Response to additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in people who are immunocompromised: a rapid review. During December 18, 2021, 22 U.S. states reported at least one COVID-19 case attributed to the Omicron variant. Although there is a shorter incubation period, you still need to test regularly if youve been exposed. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022. Landon E, Bartlett AH, Marrs R, Guenette C, Weber SC, Mina MJ. (10) Loss of smell and taste may be reported initial symptoms of COVID-19. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Diarrhea. This system obtains genomic surveillance data from 1) National SARS-CoV-2 Strain Surveillance, 2) CDC-supported contracts with several commercial diagnostic laboratories, and 3) public repositories (the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data [GISAID] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI]) of randomly sampled viruses with metadata tagging of sequences by various partners. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. 2021;73(10):1882-1886. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab234, Kronbichler A, Kresse D, Yoon S, Lee KH, Effenberger M, Shin JI. Apr 2021;27(4):626-631. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y, Daugherty SE, Guo Y, Heath K, et al. . doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab428, Rader B.; Gertz AL, D.; Gilmer, M.; Wronski, L.; Astley, C.; Sewalk, K.; Varrelman, T.; Cohen, J.; Parikh, R.; Reese, H.; Reed, C.; Brownstein J. Dermatology. All persons aged 5 years should be vaccinated against COVID-19. Use of At-Home COVID-19 Tests United States, August 23, 2021March 12, 2022. doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053418, Preston LE, Chevinsky JR, Kompaniyets L, et al. A wide range of dermatologic manifestations have been associated with COVID-19; timing of skin manifestations in relation to other COVID-19 symptoms and signs is variable. 2 "BA.2 is a sub-variant of Omicron, which means it is likely that it has a shorter incubation period as well," Oller said. Characteristics, Outcomes, and Severity Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children in the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative. JAMA Network Open. Risk for Stillbirth Among Women With and Without COVID-19 at Delivery Hospitalization - United States, March 2020-September 2021. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529 (Omicron), first reported to WHO on November 24, 2021, has been designated a variant of concern. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 16 2021;70(28):985-990. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7028a1, Wiltz JL, Feehan AK, Molinari NM, et al. Aug 24 2022;75(1):e1165-e1175. (CDC) shows the seven-day moving average of covid-19 cases was 26,106 as of April 1, ever so slightly lower than 26,309 from a week earlier. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases from July 4 through August 19, 2022, was 12,577 in the PHCs jurisdiction, which has a population of 265,000 persons (5). Department of Health and Human Services. We estimated the monovariable mean incubation period of 122 patients during the BA.5dominant period. Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes in a universally tested population for SARS-CoV-2 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. The estimated mean incubation period for patients during the Omicron BA.5dominant period in this region was 2.6 days. 2021:n385. Probability densities for incubation period distribution during different SARS-CoV-2 variant-dominant periods in study of SARS-CoV-2 incubation period during the Omicron BA.5dominant period in Japan. Data from December 2021 suggests that Omicron's average incubation period is around two to four days, which would mean that symptoms may develop faster after exposure compared to other variants. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children by COVID-19 Vaccination Status of Adolescents in France. Sore throat. Effect of Covid-19 Vaccination on Transmission of Alpha and Delta Variants. 2022/02/01/ 2022;13:100278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100278, Jansen L, Tegomoh B, Lange K, et al. How quickly do omicron symptoms appear? What's the incubation period? Implementation of concurrent prevention strategies, including vaccination, masking, improving ventilation, testing, quarantine, and isolation are recommended to slow transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including variants such as Omicron, to protect against severe illness and death from COVID-19. One vaccinated patient was hospitalized for 2 days, and no deaths have been reported to date. 2022:o110. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Feb 4 2022;71(5):177-181. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7105e1, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, et al. What is the incubation period for Omicron BA.2 and how many - Diario AS Of the 1,216 samples collected during January 3February 6 in Ibaraki, a total of 1,158 (95%) were negative for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutation L452R (8). Jul 2021;6:100109. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100109, Kim L, Garg S, O'Halloran A, et al. 1. Acute covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The mean incubation period was 2.5 days for patients infected during shared meals, 2.9 days for patients without transmission during shared meals, 3.0 days for patients with infectors who were <19 years of age, and 2.5 days for patients with infectors who were >20 years of age (2.6 days for 79 patients with infectors who were 2059 years of age and 2.1 days for 16 patients with infectors who were >60 years of age). Incubation period correlated with shared meals and adult infectors. Aug 24 2022;75(1):e741-e748. Open Forum Infect Dis. The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. Scientists in South Africa and elsewhere have established systems that allow study of the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic characteristics; CDC is collaborating with health officials around the world to learn more about the characteristics of patients with Omicron variant infections. Coronavirus Incubation Period: How Long and When Most Contagious - WebMD We fitted incubation period data for each subvariant to the gamma distribution model and calculated parameters and 95% CI within a Bayesian inference framework. This interagency group focuses on the rapid characterization of emerging variants and actively monitors their potential impact on critical SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures, including vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Among people ages 60 and older, the average incubation was 7.43 days. European Journal of Pediatrics. Clin Infect Dis. Jun 2021;299(3):E262-e279. In summary, our results indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 subvariant has a shorter incubation period than other variants. The four participating airports receive a large, diverse volume of international travelers, including direct flights from southern Africa. Radiology. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with COVID-19 - Six Hospitals, United States, July-August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 17 2020;69(28):923-929. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6928e1, Yang X, Zhang J, Chen S, et al. Multiple factors were considered in determining the eight countries based on what was known about the spread of the Omicron variant at the time, including case counts, community transmission levels, and U.S.-bound travel volume from countries with cases. The mean and median incubation periods are usually the quick answers, but its also important to know the shape of the curve to understand how many outliers there are and for how long the period is, Stanley H. Weiss, MD, professor of medicine at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and professor of biostatistics and epidemiology at the Rutgers School of Public Health, told Verywell. Older adults may present with different symptoms than children and younger adults. The decrease in isolation time was largely to decrease the impact and disruption of infection on day-to-day life and allow people to return to work sooner, Oller said. The first U.S. case of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant was detected on December 1, 2021. The information in this article is current as of the date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this. Under . COVID-19 Response Team. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab1007, Miller AD, Yousaf AR, Bornstein E, et al. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Multistate Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Johansson MA, Wolford H, Paul P, et al. Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab338, Wanga V, Chevinsky JR, Dimitrov LV, et al. COVID-19 Imaging: What We Know Now and What Remains Unknown. What are the implications for public health practice? Each panel shows case density over time (top), a typical boxplot (middle), and cumulative distribution for the period (bottom). Data from December 2021 suggests that Omicrons average incubation period is around two to four days, which would mean that symptoms may develop faster after exposure compared to other variants. Table 2. Reinfection Rates Among Patients Who Previously Tested Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Jan 27 2022;73:81-93. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042220-014817, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Evans SJ, et al. New loss of taste or smell. The earliest date of symptom onset was November 15 in a person with a history of international travel. (16) Both people who have been vaccinated and those who have not been vaccinated can transmit virus. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. CDC has a multifaceted surveillance system for analyzing SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the United States. Through these investments, an average of 50,00060,000 positive specimens are sequenced weekly as part of national SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, which assisted with identifying initial cases of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant in the United States. CDC twenty four seven. (9), Fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, and myalgia are among the most commonly reported symptoms in people with COVID-19. Given the 23 weeks from the time of specimen collection to availability of sequence data for analysis, it is likely that additional infections with Omicron from late November will be detected during the coming days. As a result of the more contagious BA.4 and BA.5 omicron subvariants, COVID-19's incubation period has changed in recent months, Chicago's top doctor previously revealed. endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Sep 2021;8(9):ofab428. The CDC report also found that the incubation period for the omicron variant that is, the amount of time from when a person is infected to when symptoms begin appears to be shorter than . Nov 2020;2(4):100246. doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100246, Galang RR, Newton SM, Woodworth KR, et al. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. TaqPath COVID-19 Multiplex Diagnostic Solution. Waltham, MA: ThermoFisher Scientific; 2021. Paediatric hospitalisations due to COVID-19 during the first SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant wave in South Africa: a multicentre observational study. This policy was intended to reduce overall travel volume from the region where Omicron was first identified to delay the introduction and spread of Omicron while U.S. public health measures were enhanced. Long-Term Symptoms Among Adults Tested for SARS-CoV-2 - United States, January 2020-April 2021. part 46.102(l)(2); 21 C.F.R. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Distribution of Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 cases, Cantabria, Spain, December 2021. Six (14%) persons had a documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Intern Med. Incubation periods for Omicron BA.1 were reported to be 3.3 days in Norway, 4.6 days in South Korea, 3.2 days in the Netherlands, 3.1 days in Spain, and 2.9 days in Japan ( 6, 10, 11 ); incubation period for BA.2 was 4.4 days in Hong Kong ( 12 ). 2021/08/01/ 2021;46:520-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.006, Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, Noori A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi A. Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infectees exposed while eating do not normally wear masks and may share longer exposure times, so they might be exposed to a higher viral load than those exposed through conversations while wearing a mask. Johannesburg, South Africa: National Institute for Communicable Diseases; 2021. (15) Images of cutaneous findings in COVID-19 are available from the American Academy of Dermatology. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lancet Glob Health. Early Release - SARS-CoV-2 Incubation Period during the Omicron BA.5 Pediatr Infect Dis J. Bjog. Jun 1 2021;4(6):e2111182. doi:10.1503/cmaj.202604, Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al. The incubation period is the period from when a person becomes infected to when they start showing symptoms. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. A study of the Oslo Christmas party outbreak found the incubation period could be about three days, compared with 4.3 days for delta and five days for other variants. Accessed December 3, 2021. The estimated mean incubation period was shorter for patients during the BA.5dominant period than during the Delta-dominant period. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7121e1, Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. How long is Omicron's incubation period? How the new strain - Yahoo! An infected person can transmit of SARS-CoV-2 before the onset of symptoms. We extracted data for 266 infector/infectee pairs who had 1 definite date of SARS-CoV-2 exposure as follows: 122 infectees from 108 infectors during the Omicron BA.5dominant period, 68 infectees from 49 infectors during the BA.1dominant period, and 76 infectees from 51 infectors during the Delta-dominant period. JAMA Netw Open. JAMA Netw Open. Oct 3 2022;75(Supplement_2):S303-s307. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. By Carla Delgado How long is omicron's contagious period? | NewsNation Pediatrics. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Carla M. Delgado is a health and culture writer based in the Philippines. The mean during the BA.1dominant period was 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) days, and the median was 2.7 (95% CI 2.53.0) days. Dr. Edwards adds that it is too early to tell anything about the mortality rate and . Cough. He says multiple studies have shown that "there's very little, if any, transmission after day 10, regardless of the variant . Genomic sequencing showed that 92% of 22,953 variants of concern sampled in Japan during January 3February 6 were BA.1 (9). For purposes of entry into the United States, vaccines accepted will include FDA approved or authorized and WHO Emergency Use Listing vaccines. Data is collected weekly and does not include downloads and attachments. Roundup: Omicron's Incubation Time Could Be Just 3 Days; U.S. Starts Epidemiology of Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant, Hong Kong, January-March 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jan 28 2022;71(4):132-138. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e2, Danza P, Koo TH, Haddix M, et al. Patient data during the BA.1dominant and Delta-dominant periods were obtained from previous studies (6,7). Clin Infect Dis. In September 2021, a systematic review of all MIS-A publications reported a total of 221 cases, with a median age of 21 years and 70% of the cases being male. The Journal of infection. Feb 24 2022;386(8):713-723. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2117995, Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, et al. Feb 2021;257:11-18. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.068, Prabhu M, Cagino K, Matthews KC, et al. Notes from the Field: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection in 10 Persons Within 90 Days of Previous SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Infection - Four States, October 2021-January 2022. The utility of iPhone oximetry apps: A comparison with standard pulse oximetry measurement in the emergency department. 2020/08/01/ 2020;81(2):266-275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.046, Gerver SM, Guy R, Wilson K, et al. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020. When am I contagious if infected with omicron? - WTOP News Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Characteristics of the cases described in this report might also not be generalizable because case findings might be associated with individual characteristics (e.g., persons with recent international travel might be more likely to be younger and vaccinated). Lancet Reg Health Eur. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 3 2020;69(26):841-846. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6926e3, Clifford CT, Pour TR, Freeman R, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. Tables Table 1. Dr. Ogata has been engaged in the field of public health for 40 years as a medical officer and is the director of the Itako Public Health Center. Conclusions. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jan 28 2022;71(4):146-152. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e4, Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. In adults, age is the strongest risk factor for severe COVID-19. Global Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection Requiring Admission to the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Heres what that means for infected individuals. Dr. Roy Gulick, the chief of infectious diseases at Weill Cornell Medical Center and NewYork-Presbyterian, said typical symptoms of the omicron subvariants include: Sore throat. EClinicalMedicine. the date of publication. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Am J Transplant. Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey Technical Article: Impact of vaccination on testing positive in the UK. Risk Factors for COVID-19-associated hospitalization: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
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