Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Includes a market overview and trade data. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. 2. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). "National Statistical Abstract. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Agriculture. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Practically all animals are range-fed. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Private . Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . ", Tables D.4 D.7. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. 2. Agriculture. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Section D. Agriculture >. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . 3. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Wubne, Mulatu. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.)
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